Emotional Response To Music And Happiness Psychology Essay

Emotional Response To Music And Happiness Psychology Essay The objective of this research is to examine the correlation between emotional response to music and happiness among the undergraduates of UTAR: Perak Campus. Besides that, the gender differences in emotional response to music and gender differences in happiness will be examined as well. The findings show that there are more than half of the participants scored more than 4 out of the maximum score of 7. It means that they mostly have an average level of happiness. There are only few participants fall in low happiness level which scored less than 3 and about more than quarter of participants fall in high happiness level which scored 5 or above. Emotional Response to Music and Happiness This research found that there is a significant correlation in emotional response to music and happiness among the universitys undergraduates. The level of emotional response to music among both male and female undergraduates is correlated to their respective happiness level. This is supported by Lamont (2011) where the study results show that young adults are likely to have strong positive experience from music listening, especially if it had had a prominent strong impact in their lives. This result show the correlation between emotional response to music and the pursuit for happiness as music may provide a possible connection to various aspects to find happiness or to reach a peaceful state of mind free from any side effects. (Lamont, 2011) Another research that can support the result of this finding states that music listening was claimed to be mostly relaxation, mood improvements, and as well as decreasing negative emotional well-being such as being under stress and anxiety. (Kal linen Ravaja, 2008) Other than that Saaikallio, Nieminen Brattico (2011) support the results of the researchs as it was found that it is not necessarily only happy music that can evoke feelings of happiness in the listener. It was also found that sad music can induce positive feelings such as happiness as well, which may be due the individuals need to preserve happiness despite the sad (musical) stimulus, or also because the need to not be overly emotionally affected or touched by the particular piece of music. (Saaikallio, Nieminen Brattico, 2011) With this notion, it can further support the correlation between emotional response to music and happiness, as the type of music does not become a barrier in the obtained positive feelings of happiness through listening to music. In a similar study Van Goethem Sloboda (2011) found that music plays an important role in the creation of happiness as well as relaxation. Other findings include: (1) music is effective in helping strategies of regulating emotions such as distraction. (2) music is quite a successful device for affective regulation alongside with other types of mechanisms of coping. (Van Goethem Sloboda, 2011) The research also indicates that happiness is the highest percentage affect being regulated with music which supports this researchs result on emotional response to music and happiness relationship. Listening to music can regulate ones emotions and with happiness being the easiest emotion to regulate through music listening, the stronger ones emotional response to music the happier they are. Despite the disagreement that happiness is induced from the music Konecni, Brown Wanic (2008) found that the overall measure of the participants after listening to music was leaning more towards the positive emotion of feeling happiness which is felt through the recollection of their life-events that seems to be rather attached to the emotions felt through music. The findings also suggested the big difference between originally experienced real life events emotions and the induction of happy-sad emotion by music proceeding to state that emotions induced in music solely triggers the listeners imagination (recollection) of that emotion once felt. (Konecni, Brown Wanic, 2008) Hence, the emotional response to music can be applied by listening to happy music to induce positive emotions such as happiness. Happiness and Gender This research showed that there are is a significant difference in happiness level in male and female. According to a research conducted by Yang (2008) showed that there are gender differences in happiness level where women tend to be happier than men before old age but their happiness level seems to declines when in old age; while men are tend to be happier in old age. This is supported by Easterlin (2010) that is showing the same result displaying evidences between genders and generations, men and women are equally happy and unhappy when look on the whole; but when looked closer at different life stages, women turns out to be happier than men in early life but less happy and the end. (Easterlin, 2010) Inglehart (2002) found that women who are below 45 of age tend to be happier than man. While the longitudinal research done by Stevenson Wolfers (2009) shown that there is a declination of happiness level in female across the years. According to Zaidi (2010), women have bigger orbital frontal cortices compared to men because there is highly significant difference in the ratio of orbital grey to amygdala volume. The ratio between the orbitofrontal cortex (part that in charge in regulating emotions), and the size of the amygdala, are mixed up in order to produce emotional reactions. The ratio appears larger in women than men. On average, women might be more proficient of handling their emotional responses. (Zaidi, 2010) Biological differences and gender roles are the most probably to lead distinction between male and female and presenting the differences of happiness among genders. In another research conducted by Crossley Langdridge (2005) showed gender differences among the perceived happiness: Men scored better in sexual activity, being liked, sports and owning a good social life; whereas women scored better in having a close family, loved by loved one, assisting others, good social life and being liked than men in assisting them to achieve happiness. (Crossley Langdridge, 2005) Hence the difference of happiness level between genders. Emotional Response to Music and Gender This research showed that there are is a significant difference in emotional response to music level between male and female. According Chentsova-Dutton Tsai (2007) women were more emotionally reactive than men as they exhibited larger changes in overall reactivity, where they report the more extreme emotions while reliving rage and feelings of affection for recollection of past events. The study suggests that at some level, gender differences on emotional response may persist even across ethnic groups. (Chentsova-Dutton Tsai, 2007) Hence the gender differences in emotional response to music. According to Nater, Abbruzzese, Krebs Ehlert (2006) research on participants reactions to different musical stimuli (relaxing classical music, and unpleasant metallica), women have the tendency to exhibit hypersensitivity to repulsive musical stimuli hence displaying the gender differences in emotional response to music. In a similar research, Istà ³k, Brattico, Jacobsen, Krohn, Mà ¼ller Tervaniemi (2009) found gender differences for some emotional when describing music terms such as touching, feelings evoked, ugly, and drab, additionally male participants have higher tendency to express with negative adjective compared to female participants. Multiple researches suggests otherwise, Rickard (2004) found that gender difference may not contribute to difference of emotional response to music in terms of physical arousal as the music with emotional power treatment induced significantly greater increase in skin conductance and number chills equally in both gender. Lundqvist, Carlsson, Hilmersson Justin (2009) show similar results with no gender differences in emotional response to music in terms of both physical and mental response, as both male and female have equal response level to music stimuli. Limitations and suggestion This research had faced difficulties in finding journals of gender differences on level of happiness, gender differences in emotional response to music no matter of Malaysia context or others because there are limited sources and research on this topic. The researcher had faced difficulties especially in locating journals or articles to compare on happiness level and emotional response to music. Therefore, this research is to make contribution to the studies gender differences on happiness level, and emotional response to music and happiness. In this research, it only involved a hundred participants (fifty male students of UTAR: Perak Campus, and fifty female students of UTAR: Perak Campus) which is not enough to generalize on the population. Further research need to increase the sample size and different backgrounds of participants so that the result obtained could be generalized to the whole population. Furthermore, the participants of this study are mostly Chinese. Due to the same ethnics and belief systems they have, may contribute to this result which is no gender differences in happiness level. Thus, further study has to be done by involving more ethnicities and culture values in order to find out a more thorough study. Moreover this research only focuses on the effects of gender differences on emotional response to music, and level of happiness which is not enough to study on the outcome of the research. Other demographic aspects should be included in future study on this research, such as age, ethnicity, race, field of study and so forth. A suggestion for more accurate reliability of this research is to conduct a cross-cultural study to determine the effects of cultural differences on the outcome of the research. Conclusion This study is proposed to find out the correlation between emotional response to music and level of happiness, the gender differences in emotional response to music, and gender differences in happiness. The results show that there is significant correlation in emotional response to music and happiness which means the level of emotional response to music and level of happiness interrelates with each other. There is also a significant gender difference in emotional response to music, where this study found that female have higher level of emotional response to music compared to male. Lastly, gender differences in happiness have a significant outcome as well, where female was found to have a higher level of happiness than compared to male. This research has made contribution to emotional response to music and happiness researches in Malaysia context. In order to improve the outcome of this study, more research as a bigger sample range should be conducted to increase the validity and generalization.

Psychology: Human Development :: Psychological Social Science Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The field of psychology may have grown to be respected as a science. Objectivity and the scientific method are both part of the psychologist's mode of operation. However, even the greatest of psychologists can only theorize about what makes human beings act the way they do. Absolutes are not part of psychology . Everything is relative and open to speculation. Theorists give us their views or ideas about life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the field of psychology, there have been many different areas of interest. Human development is one of the most popular areas of interest for those who study psychology. Freud, Erikson and Piaget are all great theorists with different ideas concerning human development. Each theorist developed ideas and stages for human development. Their theories on human development had human beings passing through different stages. Each theory differed on what these stages were. These theories also differed with their respect towards paradigmatic assumptions, learning and development, and relationship towards educational practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud is known as the father of psychology. Although some of his work has been dismissed, most of it still holds weight in the world of psychology. Freud believed that human development was fueled by inner forces. He believed the most powerful of all inner forces was our sexual being. Freud linked everything with sex. This includes any bodily pleasure whatsoever. Thus, when Freud discusses the sexual needs of children, they are not the same kind of sexual needs that an adult would experience. Children experienced sexual gratification in different ways. Sucking their thumbs or retaining their excrement could be seen as sexual gratification for small children. Freud also specified certain areas of our body as erogenous zones. Those areas included the mouth and genitals. This all fit in to Freud's obsession with sex. An obsession that could be linked to the era that Freud lived in. It was a very conservative period in history. Sexual feelings were often repressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud's theory on human development could be labeled the psychosexual stages of development. Freud believed human beings passed through different stages in their life based on which part of their body gave them sexual gratification. Freud's psychosexual stages of development are five in total.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Oral stage takes place from birth to about one year. During this stage, a child is orally oriented. The mouth is the child's erogenous zone. Everything a child touches is put in his mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. When a child sucks his thumb, it does so because it gives it gives him gratification. According to Freud, the gratification is sexual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory takes place

Music and Violence: Still a Concern in 2007

Media effects have been a hot topic in United States social history, especially with the newest in technology, which brings video and film to the personal computer and ipod.   However, one of the most long-standing debates does not concern new technology, but an older medium – music.   For nearly five decades, psychologists, scientists and parents have expressed concern that music lyrics could affect listeners and behavior, even violent behavior.   Despite some switch in focus to violent and sexual content in film and internet video, music lyrics still hold concern for their possible contribution to aggressive behavior in the United States and elsewhere. In response to this concern, many public and private investigations have sought to reach some sort of conclusion on the impact that music lyrics may have on aggressive behavior of young people.   The 1982 National Institute of Mental Health report noted that media violence, including violence in music, was a â€Å"serious threat to public health,† and by the 1990s, most research concluded that â€Å"media violence on aggressive and violent behavior was real, causal and significant† (Anderson, et al. This was followed by a Congressional Public Health Summit which consisted of six medical and public health organizations.  Ã‚   Their conclusion delivered as a joint statement of all was that â€Å"entertainment violence can lead to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior, particularly in children† (Anderson, et al., 2003). These research organizations define aggression as â€Å"any behavior that is intended to harm another person† and can include not only physical aggression, but also sexual aggression, verbal aggression, and indirect aggression.   Particular attention has be revisited on music lyrics with the rise in popularity during the 80s and 90s of the music video. Researcher found that music videos are laden with violence and â€Å"explicit aggressive content† with â€Å"antisocial overtones† (Anderson, et al. 2003).   In fact, a study by However, Waite, Hillbrand, and Foster (1992) found that aggressive behavior in a forensic inpatient ward decreased significantly after MTV (Music Television) was removed from the television offerings. Additionally another group of researchers found that males who listened and viewed violent music videos exhibited a significant increase in â€Å"adversarial sexual beliefs and negative affect† (Peterson and Pfost, 1989).   Additional this group also found that college students who listed to rock music with antisocial themes self-reported a wider range of acceptance for antisocial behaviors. Additional studies also followed test subjects for several years and report that violent music videos can have long term negative and maladaptive effects on young people (Anderson et al, 2003) One performer who has recently fallen under close scrutiny is Marshall Mathers, known to listening fans as Eminem.   Eminem’s character, Slim Shady, appeals to teenagers because her represents the extreme emotions which range from outrage to helplessness that are so common in the lives of adolescents (Doherty, 2000). Eminem is profane, rebellious, determined to be himself, to speak what he takes to be the truth about his emotions and what he sees around him. He's all the more determined to do so if it pisses off authority figures. And in a world largely dominated by modern liberal cant, the best way to outrage adults is to come across as anti-gay, anti-woman, and pro-violence. As Eminem says in â€Å"Criminal,† â€Å"Half the shit I say, I just make it up to make you mad.† Such an attitude speaks directly to adolescent anomie and rebellion (Doherty, 2000). Lyrics such as this draw teens into the world of Slim Shady, identifying with him and adopting his style of dress, attitudes and behaviors. Now, these lyrics are even more damaging, according to Myronda Reuben of WBLX in Mobile, Alabama.   She says that music now holds less hope and fewer positive possibilities in the lyrics:â€Å"Back in the day, when a rapper was talking about ‘the life,’ it was usually about getting out of away from the violence and the streets.   Now the music glorifies it, and there are so many contradictory messages out there† (Hall, 2000). Another example is the phenomenon known as Hip-Hop. Researchers note that these songs target what is known as â€Å"marginalized youth,† which is defined as those that experience the â€Å"most dramatic social pressures† (Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003)   in life, such as economic, family and behavior issues.   These individuals who listen to rap are more likely to become violent. Hip hop music seems to have the common theme of drug use, alcoholism, Aids, and murder. Thus, results of several experimental studies show that subjects who listened to violent songs were more likely to interpret ambiguous words and phrases as aggressive, and to having â€Å"increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat†Ã‚   (Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003). These violent songs with their aggressive thoughts and feelings have daunting implications for real world violence, notes Anderson cited in the aforementioned article: Aggressive thoughts can influence perceptions of ongoing social interactions, coloring them with an aggressive tint. Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response–verbal or physical–than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalatory spiral of antisocial exchanges†¦(Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003). It is easy to see why these concerns are in place when one examines the lyrics from two hip hop songs that have been at the very top of the Billboard charts as cited by Senator Brownback (1998): â€Å"F– home we capture with more hits and slaughter more kids†¦ You know for real the nig– came f–in' sucked my d–†¦ I have nig–z falling like white b in a scary movie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"I'm known in the ghetto for slangin' narcotics†¦ I come up short I'ma bust yo'f–in' lip up Cuz money and murder is the code that I live by Come to ya set and do a muthaf–in' walk-by.† These lyrics from the songs â€Å"Get at Me Dog,† by DMX and â€Å"Come and Get Some† by Master P show the explicit references to killing, racial slurs, sexuality and drugs. Ironically, these chaotic songs are highly organized and effective at targeting youth and maximizing profit, which tends to squelch legislative attempts at censorship.   Scholars have identified some particularly disturbing rap styles:   hustler rap, booty rap, pimp rap, gangsa rap, and don rap – all of which are considered as hardcore rap.   Hustler rap features a bad guy figure who dominates others through force, intimidation and/or seduction. Booty rap applauds sexual shock and nonconformity with titles from the group 2 Life Crew like â€Å"Dick Almighty,† â€Å"Me So Horny,† and â€Å"The Fuck Shop.†Ã‚   Pimp rap focus on money and sex; an example is P Diddy’s song â€Å"It’s All about the Benjamins.†Ã‚   Finally, gangsta rap emphasizes the acceptance of antisocial, often violent, behavior.   For example, NWA’s   (Niggaz Wit Attitude) album Straight Outta Compton offers a written thank you to: â€Å"All the gangsters, dope dealers, criminals, thieves, vandals, villains, thugs, hoodlums, killers, hustlers, baseheads, hypes, winos, bums, arsonists, police, maniacs and bad ass kids for listening to our shit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lena, 2006). Finally, don rappers (like Master P and Junior M.A.F.I.A.) combine gangsta rap’s emphasis on violence with the pimp rap emphasis on money and sexual dominance (Lena, 2006). These songs do translate into aggressive action.   For example, in the case of Mitch Johnson, the boy who was charged with killing four fellow students and a teacher in Jonesboro, Arkansas, frequently listened to violent rock and rap.   Mrs. Pelley is a junior-high-school teacher there who notes that after the shootings, several students revealed that Mitch had a morbid fascination with this type of music.   Mrs. Pelley discovered in a discussion with her students that while nearly ball of them could recite the violent and aggressive lyrics of songsw by Bone, Thugs-N-Harmony, and Tupac Shakur, nearly none of their parents had any idea about these songs and performers (Brownback, 1998). The tragedy of Columbine is also linked to the music of the controversial Marilyn Manson, primarily because shooter Eric Harris’s website contained frequent laudatory references to the odd performer, and both shooters wore Manson t-shirts and recited his lyrics frequently.   However, many psychologists note that this type of violence hails from an inability to communicate hatred and rage, a characteristic that these lyrics definitely do NOT have (Sanjek, 1999). Violent results from these songs are not limited to school kids.   In fact, one of the newest controversies concerning music lyrics hails from the dancehalls of reggae.   Dancehall reggae lyrics have a long history of aggressive content.   One popular artist is Buju Banton, whose 1992 chart topper called ‘Boom Bye Bye† explicitly urged listeners â€Å"to burn, shoot and pour acid on gay people†Ã‚   (Werde, 2004), and Artist Beenie Man's hit â€Å"Weh Yuh No Fi Do† similarly argues that   gay men should die. Luckily, gay rights activists have been able to convince some of these dancehall sponsors such as Red Stripe Beer and Pepsi, to exert pressure on these performers to tone down their acts.   A group of sponsors did issue a statement to this effect, saying â€Å"that the continued use of violent lyrics could ultimately lead to the decline of our music industry, as well as a social and economic backlash† (Werde, 2004). It’s disappointing to realise that in the 21st century there are still people who want to belittle or frighten other people for their own amusement. Aren't we better than this? Aren't our musicians better than this† (Debbonaire, 2006).   While violence is rarely linked to only one source, certainly the draw of aggressive music lyrics must share in the responsibility for aggressive behavior in youth. Possibly because of the enormous profit to be made by this music and possibly because of the first amendment, which protects speech, these lyrics are allowed onto CDs and on videos.   Despite warnings and labeling movements, any youngster who wants to obtain a CD is likely to be able to.   If not, the most vulgar of these artists perform and release their CDs underground, where they can be copied and spread among these teens. The best defense against song lyrics is parent involvement and participation.   Open discussion will do a lot towards deflecting some of the adverse effects of violence in music.   While song writers will do what makes money and kids will buy what music is hot, adults need to take a stand to ensure that this sad trend does not get any worse. References Anderson, Craig A. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (3), 81-100. Brownback, Senator Sam. (1998). The melodies of Mayhem. Policy Review, 92 Debbonaire, T. (2006).   Domestic Violence: Are Song Lyrics Really To Blame?   BBC Radio.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retrieved 2 June 2007 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/onelife/personal/relationships/ hh_songlyrics.shtml Doherty, B. (2000). Bum Rap.   Reason 32 (7) Hall, D. (2000). Violence In Lyrics, Life An Issue For Radio. Billboard 112.27 Lena, J.C. (2006). Social Context and Musical Content of Rap Music, 1979-1995. Social Forces    85.1: 479-495 Peterson, D.L., & Pfost, K.S. (1989). Influence of rock videos on attitudes of violence against women. Psychological Reports   64, 319–322. Sanjek, D. (1999). Paying the Cost to Be the Boss. Popular Music & Society 23 (3), 25-29 Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings. (2003). Journal for Quality & Participation 26 (2):46-47 Waite, B.M., Hillbrand, M., & Foster, H.G. (1992). Reduction of aggressive behavior after removal of Music Television. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43, 173–175. Werde, B. (2004). Reggae Boycott. Rolling Stone, 961, November 11.   

George Washington-Founding Father Essay - 1170 Words

George Washington became President in 1789 and since then has been regarded as America’s â€Å"Founding Father†(10). This grand and hero-like status is said to have â€Å"began gravitating to Washington six months before the Declaration of Independence, when one Levi Allen addressed him in a letter as ‘our political Father.’†(10). The preservation of Washington’s role as a national hero has been allowed by authors and the media omitting his many flaws as if they had either been forgotten or were no longer important. Yet by excluding these human faults, they have projected an almost god-like hero and inflicted him upon the nation as their Father, somebody whose â€Å"life still has the power to inspire anyone†(10). When in reality, how can a†¦show more content†¦It is also suggested that Washington was a good man as at the beginning of â€Å"the early 1770s, he rarely bought a slave, and he would not sell one†. In addition to this, the author explains how the â€Å"slaves were to be freed at his wife’s death†. However I am sure that these excuses could not justify his behaviour to Black Americans today. Similarly, can George Washington really be considered a hero, or just an immense hypocrite who owned slaves whilst signed the Declaration of Independence, declaring, â€Å"all men were created equal† (11). Another way that was intended to preserve him as a hero is that he was a â€Å"disapproving owner† (12) and that he would have liked slavery to end but he didn’t personally feel politically driven to put an end to it. George Washington claimed in a letter to Robert Morris that â€Å"there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition† of slavery (13). However if he felt so passionately against slavery, he could not have been that heroic or strong as a President as he did not even attempt to implement abolition. It seems that George Washington was fully aware that slavery was morally and humanely wrong, yet was to accustomed to the economic and social ‘benefits’ to want to change the situation. Ironically, the British who George Washington had claimed had been enslaving the American colonies underShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington : The Founding Fathers901 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington was the president whose ideals where the most coveted among the founding fathers. It is difficult to pinpoint a general idea of what the founding fathers wanted for the future of the United States. Some did not want banks just as Jackson did and some wanted to allow a central to making funding of the government much easier. In many ways leaders in Antebellum American were almost just as divided as the founding fathers but more visibly so. 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